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Newfoundland and Labrador handbook · chapter 2 · 51 min read

Road Safety

Driving a vehicle requires time, patience and practice to develop the skills to become a safe driver. It also requires the full attention of the driver. Every year there are road crashes in Newfoundland and Labrador, some of which result in death or serious injury. Safe drivers aim to reduce and manage their risk by making smart decisions and taking responsibility for their behaviour behind the wheel.

Certain high-risk behaviours are major contributors to road crashes, such as:

Strict penalties apply to drivers who commit road traffic offences including fines, demerit points, licence suspension or even imprisonment. These penalties are designed to send a clear message about the dangers risky behaviours pose to the safety of drivers and other road users.

Driving behaviours, which may pose a risk to drivers, passengers and the public, are discussed in more detail on the following pages, including information about using good judgement to avoid high-risk driving behaviours.

Read these pages carefully. The information will be important for your learner’s permit and the knowledge will help shape the driver you will become.

Driver education and training

Driver education is essential. Graduated Driver Licensing programs provide a gradual, step-by-step licensing process designed to help novice drivers’ gain the knowledge and skill needed to safely operate a motor vehicle. This happens by gradually increasing driving privileges during the new driver’s first two years on the road. Studying this book, taking a driver education course, understanding the rules of the road and practicing on-road skills will help reduce the risks associated with driving.

Aggressive driving

There are many reasons why you may become frustrated while driving. Slow moving traffic, a motorist who does not signal or a seemingly endless stream of pedestrians can frustrate the average driver. Inexperienced drivers may be more emotional when driving. To stay safe, it is recommended you:

Becoming a safe driver

Understanding the rules of the road is important, but applying them takes skill and practice. You will need to know how to scan for hazards and react in real time. This attentiveness will help keep you and others safe on the road.

The best way to learn these skills is accompanied by an experienced driver. It is also important to understand your emotions while driving. Driving when angry, distracted, frustrated or upset should be avoided. While driving can be dangerous, it is important to remain calm and rely on your knowledge and skills to get you where you are going safely.

Remember, you are in control of the vehicle. Taking unnecessary risks is dangerous for any driver. Reduce your risk by making safe choices. Follow the rules, drive smart and be defensive.

Plan the route

Minimize risks – prepare the vehicle

Check fuel, oil, water and tires beforehand to avoid having to stop soon after you depart. Ensure your tires, including the spare, have the correct pressure and there is plenty of tread. If you are towing a trailer, make sure it is in good mechanical condition, registered and the contents are properly secured.

Consider carrying the following items:

It is the driver’s responsibility to ensure that you and your passengers are safe and secure. Wearing a seatbelt is a simple act that is proven to save lives and reduce serious injuries. If you are in a moving vehicle, do not remove your seatbelt. Not wearing a seatbelt is illegal.

While vehicles have other safety features, such as airbags, they are no substitute for seatbelts. In fact, airbags and seatbelts are meant to be used together. Wearing a seatbelt helps the airbag do its job.

Child restraints

If there are children in your vehicle, it is your responsibility to ensure they are using the correct restraints for their age and they are being used properly. Sometimes children are moved into bigger seats and seatbelts too quickly. This puts children at serious risk for injury.

Rear facing safety seats

All children must ride in a rear-facing infant seat or a rear-facing convertible seat until they reach the recommended weight to switch to a forward facing safety seat. Review the manufacturer’s instructions.

Infants up to nine kilograms (20 pounds) must be properly restrained in a correctly installed infant carrier that faces the rear of the vehicle. All newer vehicles and child safety seats come equipped with a universal anchor system or UAS/LATCH. In older vehicles, the child safety seat must be properly secured in the vehicle using the seat belt. Check the owner’s manual for your vehicle and the child safety seat for more information.

Never place a rear-facing child restraint in a seat equipped with an airbag.

Forward facing safety seats

Children between nine and 18 kilograms (20-40 pounds) must be properly restrained in a forward-facing car seat that has been correctly installed according to manufacturer’s instructions with the tether strap properly installed. All newer vehicles and child safety seats come equipped with a universal anchor system or UAS/LATCH. In older vehicles, the forward-facing seat must be properly secured in the vehicle using the seatbelt. The child safety seat tether strap and vehicle tether anchor must be in use. You may need to have a tether anchor installed by the manufacturer. Check the owner's manual for your vehicle and the child safety seat for more information.

Booster seats

Children who weigh between 18 and 37 kilograms (40 to 80 pounds) and are 145 cm (4’ 9”) or less must be secured in an approved booster seat. The seat must be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

A booster seat should always be placed in the back seat of the vehicle. It should be placed in the middle if there is a shoulder strap available. There are two main types of booster seats: backless, and those with a full back. Backless booster seats should only be used if the rear seat of your vehicle has a headrest. To ensure your booster seat is properly installed, read the owner’s manual.

Not all booster seats are installed the same way. Once installed, have your child sit in it the booster seat to check the seatbelt fit. The shoulder strap of the seatbelt should fall across the child’s shoulder, not their neck. The lap portion of the belt should rest across the hipbones, not the stomach, and you should never allow a child to ride in a vehicle with the shoulder strap under their arm or behind their back.

Important tips

More information is available online at Child Passenger Safety.

Speeding is a form of aggressive driving and is the leading cause of some collisions. Speeding occurs when drivers are travelling above the posted limit.

For every kilometre you drive over the speed limit, your risk of a crash increases. Higher speeds require greater stopping distance.

What is stopping distance?

Stopping distance is the total distance you travel before coming to a stop and consists of two components: reaction distance and braking distance.

Reaction distance is the time it takes to react to a potential hazard and begin braking. For example, if you see a moose on the road, it will take a few parts of a second before you react and begin braking.

Braking distance is the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when brakes are fully applied to when the vehicle comes to a complete stop.

For an alert driver traveling 60 km/h in good conditions, reaction time will take about three quarters of a second (or 12m) and another 20m to come to a full stop. If you double your speed, your reaction distance also doubles and can increase even more if you are distracted, fatigued, intoxicated or even ill.

If you double your speed, the braking distance quadruples and if speed triples, your braking distance will increase by nine times. This can be even greater with poor weather conditions, poor brakes, mechanical issues or a shorter following distance. The total stopping distance can have an impact on the severity of a crash.

Minimum stopping distances

What can I do to prevent the risks associated with speeding?

Always drive within the speed limit. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the speed limit applies at a specific time or place on a road. It is the maximum legal limit under ideal driving conditions on a particular section of road. Speed limits typically vary between 30 km/h and 100 km/h. Always watch for posted speed limit signs and never assume the speed limit.

In the event there is no visibly posted sign, the speed limit is 100 km/h on paved portions of the Trans-Canada Highway, 80 km/h on other paved highways, 60 km/h on gravel roads, 50 km/h through communities and 50km/h in unmarked school zones, unless otherwise stated.

Speeds in school zones are clearly marked with speed limit signs. Speed limits in these areas will vary between 30 km/h to 50 km/h depending on the location, unless otherwise stated. In many cases, speeds apply between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on days when school is open.

Digital speed signs have been installed in many school zones in the province. These signs warn motorists to slow down when travelling at dangerous speeds in these areas. When travelling above the posted speed limit, a message is displayed to slow down along with the motorist’s real time speed. A second flashing message displaying the posted speed and a warning message is displayed for motorists travelling in excess of 10 km/h above the posted speed limit.

Drive at appropriate speeds for weather and road conditions. While you may travel within the speed limit in ideal driving conditions, certain circumstances will require you to reduce your speed.

For example, poor weather conditions, icy pavement, heavy traffic or pedestrian-heavy areas require slower speed for everyone’s safety. It is important to use good judgement based on the knowledge you gain from your training to choose the appropriate travel speed. Speeding is a high- risk and unsafe behaviour.

Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs is illegal and impairs your ability to drive safely. Even over-the-counter and prescription medications may impair your ability to drive. Drivers must often make split second decisions. Alert drivers can safely operate the vehicle and will be able to react to situations around them.

Driving impaired has severe consequences, including charges under the Highway Traffic Act and/or the Criminal Code of Canada, resulting in licence suspension and vehicle impoundment.

It is illegal to drive when an enforcement officer, court or judge has ordered you not to, or when your licence has been suspended. It is also illegal to leave the scene of collision. Penalties include fines, up to two years in prison and a prohibition from driving of up to three years.

If impaired driving results in injury or death, the maximum penalties under the Criminal Code of Canada include:

What is Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)?

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in your blood and is measured by the number of grams of alcohol in 100 ml of blood. For example, a BAC of 0.05 means 0.05 gm of alcohol in every 100 ml of blood.

If you are a learner or inexperienced driver under 22 years of age or an accompanying driver, you must maintain a zero BAC. While 0.00 BAC is recommended for all drivers, it is illegal for fully licensed drivers (Class 5) to operate a vehicle with a BAC of 0.05 or more. Drivers can reach that limit by having only one drink.

Alcohol is broken down in your system differently for each person.

Size: A smaller person who drinks the same amount of alcohol as a larger person will have a higher BAC.

Gender: Females usually have a higher BAC than a male of similar size, who drinks the same amount.

Fatigue: Studies show that tiredness can affect your BAC. Your BAC will become higher quickly the more fatigued you are.

Food: Eating slows down the absorption of alcohol. If you drink on an empty stomach, you will have a higher BAC than if you had eaten before you drank.

Health: If you are sick, your body may not deal with alcohol the same as when you are in good health.

Type of alcohol consumed: You will reach a higher BAC quicker while consuming drinks with higher alcohol content.

Rate of drinking: The faster you drink, the faster you will reach a higher BAC.

You do not need to drink a lot to be impaired. Even if you do not feel drunk, alcohol can have serious effects, including:

Drugs and medications

Using drugs, including prescription and over-the-counter medications, may also impair your ability to drive and increase your risk of a collision. Driving impaired by drugs is as serious as driving impaired by alcohol. Sleeping tablets, sedatives, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, some cold and flu medications and painkillers are just some of the medications that can impair driving.

Drugs can affect your co-ordination, vision, muscles and reaction time and have other dangerous side effects. Read all labels clearly and speak with your doctor or pharmacist about possible side effects. If you are taking a new medication, avoid driving until you understand the effects it has on you.

Cannabis

It is a common misconception that cannabis is a safer substitute to drinking and driving. Cannabis can cause you to become drowsy, lose your concentration, decrease reaction times, cause paranoia and distort your perception; all of which could cause you to lose control at the wheel. Using cannabis while driving is impaired driving. It is dangerous to yourself and others and is a serious offence.

Saliva testing

Saliva testing is a non-invasive method for detecting the presence of THC (cannabis), Methyl amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy). You may be required to provide a saliva sample by placing a test strip on your tongue. If you test positive, you may be asked to participate in further testing including physical evaluation, divided attention tests, blood or urine analysis.

Alcohol and drugs combined

The combination of alcohol and drugs or medication has an even greater effect on your ability to drive.

Avoid impaired driving

Alcohol rehabilitation

Alcohol rehabilitation programs may be completed through addiction services or approved private counselors. As part of reinstatement requirements, you must undergo an assessment. Contact addiction services or a counselor as soon as you receive notification, as there may be a wait list. Assessments vary in length on a case-by-case basis. For more information, contact your nearest Motor Registration office.

Failure or refusal to provide a sample

A test for blood alcohol is compulsory under the Highway Traffic Act and the Criminal Code of Canada. If you refuse to provide a sample to an officer, you can be convicted under both federal and provincial laws. Drugs and alcohol

Alcohol or drugs that alter your perception will also affect the way you drive. The same penalties apply to drivers convicted of impaired driving, whether impaired by drugs, alcohol or both.

Impaired driving charges

Charges for impaired driving can occur under both the Highway Traffic Act and the Criminal Code of Canada. While it is possible to have a conviction overturned under the Criminal Code of Canada, charges under the Highway Traffic Act cannot be appealed and will remain. These convictions will result in driver’s licence suspension and vehicle impoundment. The Highway Traffic Act also has a specific set of requirements for licence reinstatement depending on the driver’s eligibility. If convicted of impaired driving, use of an ignition interlock device is mandatory for one year. Reinstatement fees and fines must be paid and an approved alcohol education course must be completed.

Penalties

Under provincial regulations for impaired driving, suspension periods are established. A driver charged under the Highway Traffic Act can be suspended for 24 hours up to 90 days. A driver convicted of impaired driving can be suspended from driving for periods of 12 months for a first offence, and up to 60 months for a subsequent offence. For novice drivers there are also specific penalties for periods of suspension if the driver exceeds zero blood alcohol concentration.

Seven-day suspension under the Highway Traffic Act:

1 st Seven day suspension Seven days Reinstatement fee

2 nd Seven day suspension 14 days Reinstatement fee/alcohol education course 3 rd Seven day suspension Two months Reinstatement fee/alcohol assessment - rehabilitation Offences occur within a 24 month period.

Ninety-day suspension under the Highway Traffic Act:

If a driver’s blood alcohol concentration is 80 mg or more, the vehicle will be impounded and the driver’s licence suspended for seven days immediately. The driver’s licence will be suspended for another 90 days. This three month long suspension will begin 14 days after expiry of the seven-day suspension.

Following the 90-day suspension, if convicted under the Criminal Code of Canada, there are additional suspension periods as follows:

First offence: suspended from driving for 12 months Second offence: suspended from driving for 36 months Third offence: suspended from driving for 60 months Fourth and subsequent offence: suspended from driving for life

Penalties for convictions under the Criminal Code of Canada

Penalties for Criminal Code of Canada offences related to driving a motor vehicle vary according to charge. Penalties range from fines starting at $1,000 to imprisonment. Novice drivers who exceed the zero tolerance blood alcohol concentration will have their driving privileges suspended.

Novice driver suspension periods under the Highway Traffic Act:

Reinstatement requirements

2 nd Criminal Code of Canada Three years Reinstatement fee/alcohol assessment - rehabilitation

3 rd Criminal Code of Canada Five years Reinstatement fee/alcohol assessment - rehabilitation

Ignition interlock

2 nd Four months Reinstatement fee/alcohol education course

3 rd Six months Reinstatement fee/alcohol assessment - rehabilitation

An ignition interlock device is an in-car alcohol breath-screening device that prevents a vehicle from starting if it detects a blood alcohol concentration over a pre-set limit. The device is located inside the vehicle near the driver's seat and is connected to the engine's ignition system. The information from this device is stored and reviewed accordingly.

Before starting the vehicle, the driver must blow into the device. If the recorded blood alcohol concentration is above the pre-set limit, the vehicle will not start. Once the vehicle starts, the interlock device requires random breath sample at pre-set times. If the breath sample is not provided or if it exceeds the limit, the device will issue a warning, record the vent and activate a specific alarm system (e.g. lights flashing, horn honking) until the ignition is turned off.

Mandatory ignition interlock

Newfoundland and Labrador has a mandatory ignition interlock program for drivers convicted of impaired driving (drug, alcohol or a combination). Once your suspension period expires you will be required to participate in the ignition interlock program for a minimum of 12 months as a condition of reinstatement. Once installed, you will be issued a restricted driver’s licence indicating you can only operate a vehicle equipped with an ignition interlock device. You must keep the ignition interlock device in your vehicle for the remainder of the suspension period. This period may be extended upon review of your driving record and your ignition interlock results.

After an impaired driving conviction, drivers may be eligible to apply for voluntary ignition interlock to regain driving privileges sooner. The suspension remains on the driver’s licence however; you can only operate a vehicle equipped with an ignition interlock device. This restriction will appear on your driver’s licence. If an application for voluntary ignition interlock is approved the mandatory 12-month (minimum) period will still apply at the end of the voluntary period.

The ignition interlock period is as follows:

First offence: 12 months Second offence: 36 months Third or subsequent offence: 60 months

Program participants must apply to the Registrar to have the restriction removed from their licence. If the restriction period is completed without any program violations, the restriction may be removed.

The applicant is required to cover the cost of installation, maintenance and removal of the device.

Although the installation of an interlock device is mandatory for reinstatement of your driver’s licence, certain eligibility requirements must be met:

Once an interlock device is installed in a vehicle, the device must be used by anyone who drives the vehicle.

Safe driving requires physical, visual, auditory and cognitive skill. You will need to correctly steer, brake, accelerate, listen and watch for possible hazards, all at the same time. Adding activities such as grooming, eating, interacting with passengers, adjusting the radio controls or using a cell phone distracts from your ability to safely operate a vehicle, putting you and others at risk.

Using a cell phone to talk or text while driving has similar effects as driving while impaired. You will have a reduced reaction time, make riskier decisions, you may have difficulty maintaining speed or your position on the road and your awareness of your surroundings will decrease. Using your cell phone while driving is a serious offence and comes with hefty fines and an accumulation of demerit points. Always avoid technology or other activities that will take attention away from your driving. Never drive distracted.

Humans are not the only passengers that can be a distraction. Safely secure pets in your vehicle to help keep you and your pet safe. For information on pet restraints talk to your veterinarian.

Emotional distractions

Emotional and physical stress can affect your concentration and ability to drive. If you know you are stressed do not drive. Arrange for a ride from someone who is not involved in the emotional situation and is physically well.

Tips to avoid distracted driving

Fatigue is a common contributor to serious collisions. It is particularly dangerous because the more tired you are, the less able you are to judge your level of fatigue. Long trips and driving outside of normal waking hours will increase your risk; however, fatigue can affect you any time of the day or night.

Fatigue is caused by:

Signs of fatigue include:

Lack of sleep will affect your ability to complete normal daily activities. Driving under these circumstances is extremely dangerous and has similar affects as impaired driving. If you feel tired, pull over and have a powernap. Until you are fully rested, there is an increased risk of a motor vehicle collision.

Avoid fatigue

Driving is a complex task and it is important that drivers of all ages are physically and mentally healthy enough to safely operate a vehicle. It is your responsibility to report a medical condition that may affect your driving. It is also important to note that in Newfoundland and Labrador, medical professionals have a mandatory requirement to report any concerns about a patient’s ability to drive to the Registrar of Motor Vehicles.

If you have a Newfoundland and Labrador driver’s licence (Class 5, 6 or 8), you are required to submit a medical report at 75 years of age, at the age of 80 years and every two years thereafter. If you are a commercial driver (Class 1, 2, 3 or 4), you are required to submit a medical report upon initial application and every five years up to age 45, every three years from age 45-65 and every year after age 65.

Routine medical reports help keep you and the public safe and are required for as long as you have a driver’s licence.

If you have concerns about your ability to drive, consult your physician. This may result in a medical review of your driving abilities. You will receive a notice from Motor Registration medical standards in the mail. This letter will outline the current status of your licence and any steps you must take before continuing to drive.

Motor Registration may request an update on your general medical health, an occupational therapy assessment, an update from a specialist or medical practitioner on a particular condition or you may be required to do an on-road assessment with a driver examiner. It is also important to listen to your own body. Many people realize they should not be driving and for the safety of themselves and others, choose not to.

Many types of medical conditions can affect your ability to drive such as substance use disorders, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, epilepsy, injuries and disabilities, neurological disorders, sleep disorders and vision loss, among others.

Aging

As you age, your ability to operate a vehicle may be affected. It is important to understand the ways aging will affect your driving so you can prepare for these changes. Several common abilities tend to deteriorate as you age.

Vision: You may have difficulty seeing moving objects and judging distance. You may be more sensitive to glare from rain and light on the windshield and see less clearly, especially at night, dusk or dawn. You may also develop medical conditions such as cataracts.

Hearing: Medical problems such as tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, and infections can impair hearing. Regular hearing exams can detect these problems. Hearing loss affects your ability to hear horns, sirens and brakes. You may also have to rely on your vision more to compensate for hearing loss. There are no driver medical restrictions for non-commercial drivers, as the loss of hearing does not increase the risk.

Flexibility and strength: As we age, we often have more stiffness and less range of motion in our neck, shoulders, arms, legs and trunk. Strength also tends to decrease with age, especially if people are not physically active. If you lack flexibility, movement and strength in your limbs or joints, it could affect your ability to drive including the ability to check your blind spot, look for traffic and pedestrians at intersections, merge with oncoming traffic, yield the right of way, back up and park.

Remember that you need to turn your head or body to check your blind spots and to scan what is around you. Exercise and stretching can improve flexibility, muscle strength and range of motion. Talk to your doctor about remaining active. Many people develop some arthritis with age, which can restrict movement. Other conditions such as Osteoporosis, Fibromyalgia, Lupus and gout can also limit flexibility, movement and strength.

Muscle weakness or muscle stiffness can make it difficult to drive. For example, arm strength is important for the safe control of your steering wheel, particularly when you have to make quick or sudden movements and leg strength is important for pressing acceleration and brake pedals.

Reaction time and concentration: With age, we may also experience slower reaction or response time, less concentration and poorer coordination. Medical conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, Lou Gehrig’s disease, tremors and muscle spasms can limit coordination making it difficult to respond to sudden events on the road.

Cognitive impairments: Senior drivers are at an increased risk of suffering from late-life cognitive impairment and dementia. Dementia affects the brain and the ability to think, remember and speak. It impairs a person’s logical reasoning, memory and language skills. The disease increases crash risk by almost five times. Drivers with dementia are likely to perform unsafe driving maneuvers such as improper turning or following too close. Mild cognitive impairments can be difficult to detect. Drivers may experience memory problems that will deteriorate, sometimes within a short period.

Alternatives to driving

If medication or a medical condition means you can no longer drive safely, retiring from driving may be a responsible option. You should begin by discussing this with your doctor, as well as family and friends. It is important to consider other means of transportation. There are also many organizations and individuals you can talk to including:

Vehicles are designed with safety as a top consideration. This should be an important factor when choosing the vehicle you will drive.

Roadworthiness

Roadworthiness refers to vehicles that comply with a set of standards that make them safe for roadways. This includes a vehicle’s wheels, engine, brakes, steering, seatbelts, lights, airbags, seatbelts, exhaust, body, windshields, wipers and more. It is important your safety and the safety of other road users that your vehicle is roadworthy.

A new vehicle should meet the latest Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. An inspection is required upon the purchase of a used vehicle. It is up to you to maintain the condition of the vehicle. Parts wear out over time and weather conditions, like those we experience in Newfoundland and Labrador, can contribute to wear and tear of the vehicle.

There are several steps you can take to maintain your vehicle:

Vehicle equipment and standards

The vehicle you use to take your driving test will be checked at the beginning of the test for licence plate, lights, horn, rear-view mirror, windshield wipers, muffler, brakes, tires, windshield, window glass and steering. A driving test will not be conducted in a vehicle that is unsafe or does not meet equipment requirements.

It is wise to check your vehicle regularly to ensure that the following standards are met:

Lights

(a) The headlights of a motor vehicle (other than a motorcycle) must give off an upper beam of white light that will reveal a person or another vehicle at a distance of 100 m. A dash beam indicator light (showing high beam) must be part of the lighting system. A motorcycle must have at least one headlamp. See Rules of the Road section for use of high and low beam. (b) Parking lights are used to make your vehicle visible when parking only. If you drive when lights are needed, turn your headlights on. (c) Tail lights are red lights at the rear of a vehicle or trailer that must be visible from a distance of 150 m. A white light must shine on the licence plate so that it is visible from a distance of 15 m. (d) Fog lights may be used in addition to low beam headlights when fog is so thick that regular headlights have no advantage. (e) All vehicles must have a set of signal lights that emit a white or amber light at the front and a red or amber light at the rear, to indicate turning direction. These must be visible for a distance of 90 m to the front and 250 m to the rear.

Brakes All vehicles must have brakes that can be applied by two separate and independent means (front and rear). Brakes must be kept in good working order. A motorcycle must have a brake on each wheel of the cycle.

Exhaust All vehicles must be equipped with a working muffler that prevents excessive or unusual noise. Modifying a muffler (muffler cut-out) to increase noise is illegal.

Horn All vehicles must have a working horn to be sounded whenever it is reasonably necessary. Bells, gongs or sirens are for use on emergency vehicles only.

Tires All vehicles must be fitted with tires of the standard prescribed by the Highway Traffic Act. At least 1.5 mm of tread depth must remain. No tires with metal studs may be used between May 1 and October 31, or as otherwise prescribed by the Minister.

Windshields and other windows

It is an offence to have a sign or object in the window that may block or impair a driver’s vision. Certificates and stickers required or allowed by the Highway Traffic Act or regulations may be put in the proper positions (e.g. inspection certificates, parking permits). Window tinting is not permitted on the windshield and the front windows unless installed by the manufacturer.

Windshield wipers and washers All vehicles (except motorcycles) must be equipped with a wiper device for cleaning rain, snow and moisture from the windshield. Motor vehicles have also been equipped with a windshield washer tank that must be kept filled with washer fluid. It is important that you be able to wash away sudden splashes from other vehicles that could obscure your vision.

Defrosters All vehicles (except motorcycles) must have a defrosting device that will keep both front and rear windows free of moisture and ice to ensure that the driver has a clear view of the road.

Mirrors All vehicles must have at least one mirror to give the driver a clearly reflected view to the rear. These must not be cracked or discoloured. The inside rearview mirror and outside side mirrors must be adjusted to the driver’s view. For all types of mirrors, there exists a ‘blind spot’ where other vehicles may be driving and not reflected in either mirror. You must look over your shoulder (shoulder check) and use your mirror before changing your position on the road. If your view to the rear is obstructed, you must have two outside mirrors.

Speedometer All vehicles must have a working speedometer that accurately shows the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.

Odometer The odometer indicates the total distance that the vehicle has travelled. It is illegal to tamper with or change the mileage shown on the odometer.

Flares A commercial vehicle exceeding 2,500 kg must be equipped with flares, which must be placed 30 m in front of and to the rear of a disabled vehicle.

Vehicle modifications with aftermarket parts Window tinting, adjusting the height of vehicle, modifying wheels, tires, exhaust and other modifications void warranty and may be illegal.

Seatbelts The driver and all passengers must wear seatbelts when travelling. The lap belt is to be worn low down on the hips (not across the stomach) ensuring that the belt is tight. The shoulder belt must be worn across the shoulder and never under the arm. An improperly worn seatbelt could cause additional injury rather than protection during a collision. All passengers 16 years of age and over are responsible for wearing their seatbelts properly. It is the driver’s responsibility is to ensure that passengers under age 16 are properly restrained.

Recalls Any vehicle that is unsafe or may cause injury will be recalled by the manufacturer. If you receive a recall notification, bring your vehicle to the dealer or a garage as soon as possible to address the issue.

Fuel efficiency Fuel efficiency is an important consideration when purchasing a vehicle. In general, vehicles with smaller engines will use less fuel. When you are shopping for a vehicle, do your research. There are many resources that will rate the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. It is also important for all drivers to understand that they can significantly reduce the amount of fuel used by following some basic driving practices such as:

Everyone, not just drivers, uses roads. This is why strict laws exist for road users – to keep drivers, riders, cyclists and pedestrians safe. Certain behaviours such as impaired driving, street racing and distracted driving are particularly dangerous. These risky behaviours can have a range of serious consequences including heavy fines, a criminal record, jail time, licence suspension, increased vehicle insurance premiums, vehicle impoundment, employment impacts (particularly if driving is required as part of the job) and even serious injury or death.

High-risk driving behaviours – suspensions

Excessive speed: Drivers ticketed for exceeding the posted speed limit by 51 km or more will have their licence suspended for seven days. To reinstate, drivers will need to pay a reinstatement fee, complete any training required by the Registrar and pay any outstanding fines.

Racing or stunting: Drivers charged with racing or stunting will have their licence suspended for seven days. To reinstate, drivers will need to pay a reinstatement fee, complete training required by the Registrar and pay any outstanding fines.

Demerit point system

In Newfoundland and Labrador, there is a demerit point system. These points are recorded against your driving record when you are convicted of an offence. Convictions and times when your driver’s licence privileges have been suspended remain on your driving record for 10 years and will appear on your driver’s abstract.

The demerit point system deals primarily with moving violations, not those regarding faulty equipment, illegal parking or the more serious offences, like impaired driving, covered under the Criminal Code of Canada.

If you are convicted of an offence while driving on highways in this province or any other Canadian jurisdiction, the appropriate number of points will automatically be added to your record. If you accumulate 12 points within a two-year period, your driver's licence will be suspended. If you are a novice driver, you can only accumulate six points within a one- year period before your licence is suspended.

Understanding how to handle emergencies is crucial and may save your life or somebody else’s. This starts with being prepared with some basic supplies, understanding basic first aid, knowing the types of situations where accidents typically occur and gaining the skills to deal with these situations.

Emergency supplies

To ensure you are prepared for an emergency always carry supplies. These should include:

Emergency braking

There are times when something unexpected occurs that requires you to brake suddenly. The key to emergency braking is to stop the vehicle as quickly as possible without losing control of the vehicle.

If your vehicle has ABS brakes Most vehicles are equipped with an anti-lock braking system (ABS). The ABS allows you to steer while the brakes are being applied. The ABS applies brake pressure at each wheel, cycling from locked to slightly rolling. You will feel this as a vibration through the brake pedal. With ABS, you can brake as hard as you need without losing your ability to steer.

To brake in an emergency, follow these steps:

If your vehicle does not have ABS brakes Braking hard can cause the wheels to lock and stop rolling. This can cause you to lose steering control.

Loss of control

The road surface, the speed of your vehicle turning and the condition of your tires can contribute to a skid. Skidding means you have lost control of the vehicle.

Most skids are the result of a driver error. A skid can occur when you:

Recovery

Drive in a manner that reduces the possibility of having your vehicle skid. Plan ahead so you will not have to suddenly brake or steer. Driving in a smooth and controlled manner will reduce the chance of a skid. If the road is not familiar to you or the conditions are not ideal, reduce your speed.

It is very important that you keep your foot off the brake pedal if you start to skid. How you steer depends on the direction of the skid. Look and steer in the direction you want the front of the vehicle to go. Do not make large steering adjustments. Point the tire along the centre of your lane.

Braking skid (non-ABS)

If your vehicle does not have ABS, a braking skid could occur when you apply the brakes too firmly, causing the wheels to lock and steering control lost. If you experience this type of skid, do the following:

Power (acceleration) skid

A power skid occurs when you accelerate too quickly, causing the wheels to spin. If you experience a power skid, do the following:

Cornering skid

A cornering skid occurs when you are travelling too quickly when turning, causing the vehicle to slide sideways. Speed, tire condition, road surface and the slope of the road can all play a part in this type of skid. If you experience a cornering skid, do the following:

Off-road recovery

If you drive off the paved portion of the roadway, do the following:

Collisions

If you are the first person at the scene of a collision, stop your vehicle away from the collision in a safe location. Offer assistance if possible and protect the scene with flashing hazard lights and warning triangles so that other vehicles do not become involved. If it is necessary to notify the police or emergency medical services, be as accurate as you can, especially about the condition of any injured people and the location of the collision.

Rear-end collisions

Rear-end collisions occur when a vehicle hits the rear of the vehicle in front. It is the most common type of crash for drivers of all ages.

The main cause of a rear-end collision is when the driver behind is following too close to the vehicle in front. Another cause of rear-end collisions is distraction. Driving distracted takes your attention away from the road. Paying attention to the road and maintaining a safe following distance will greatly reduce your risk of rear-ending another vehicle.

You can reduce the risk of another vehicle rear-ending you by checking your mirrors regularly and beginning to brake early and gradually. By displaying your brake lights for a longer period, the drivers behind you are more likely to notice this visual cue and begin braking themselves. Single vehicle collisions

Single vehicle collisions can happen in a variety of ways, including hitting a stationary object, running off the road or rolling the vehicle over. This type of crash is more likely to happen to inexperienced or distracted drivers travelling at high speeds.

When you are inexperienced or distracted it is easy to lose control of your vehicle. As you gain experience, you will learn to match the speed of your vehicle to road conditions, which means reducing your speed to less than the posted speed limit. Until you gain sufficient driving experience make those judgments, you should be extra cautious when driving at higher speeds.

Vehicle plunging into water

Your vehicle will float for two-to-five minutes if the windows and doors are closed. Wearing a seatbelt can prevent you from being knocked unconscious during those few moments needed to escape.

Doors will initially be difficult to open due to water pressure as the vehicle begins to sink or because of vehicle damage. As the vehicle fills with water, pressure outside and inside equalizes. The best escape route is through windows. If your vehicle has power windows, roll them down immediately because water will cause a short circuit in the electrical system. If you cannot open the windows do not panic.

Vehicles with a front engine will sink front first so air trapped inside will be pushed to the rear near the roof. You may need to breathe this air while waiting for the pressure inside and outside to become equal; then it will be easier to open the door. As you surface be sure to release air gradually so that your body will not be damaged by the change in pressure.

Collisions when changing lanes or merging

Inexperienced or distracted drivers are frequently involved in vehicle collisions when changing lanes or merging. Always check your side mirrors and blind spots by looking over your right or left shoulder before changing lanes or merging.

Vehicle rollover

Vehicle rollovers occur when a vehicle flips over onto its side or roof. Many times these accidents result in ejection of passengers not wearing a seatbelt and lead to serious injuries.

Rollovers are often caused by a sharp turn at high speed. All vehicles are subject to a rollover accident, but Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) are usually at a greater risk because they are typically taller than other vehicles, and have a higher centre of gravity. This combined with speeding, increases the risk of a vehicle rollover. This type of accident can be avoided by choosing to drive vehicles with a lower centre of gravity, keeping your tires in balance, driving with plenty of space between yourself and other drivers and lowering your speed.

Head-on collisions

Head-on collisions can have devastating results. These types of collisions can be particularly dangerous on two-lane highways, particularly by misjudging gaps in traffic. It is better to choose larger gaps in the on-coming traffic, wait until a passing lane becomes available or not pass at all. If a vehicle suddenly approaches from the opposite direction in your lane, a collision may seem likely. The defence in this situation involves four steps:

1. Brake hard. The more your speed is reduced, the less the impact will be. 2. Head for the shoulder on the right hand side of the road and blow your horn. The other driver might realize their error and steer back into their own lane. Never swerve to the left to avoid a collision. You may be in the path of oncoming traffic or the driver may pull back into his own lane and hit you head-on. 3. If necessary, take to the ditch or any open ground that is free of obstructions. Any alternative is better than a head-on collision. 4. To reduce the force of impact head for something capable of absorbing energy: a bush, shrub or snowbank. A general rule of thumb is to hit an object with a glancing blow rather than head-on. Sideswiping an object has avoided collisions that are more serious.

By being alert at all times when you are behind the wheel, a fraction of a second may be all you have to escape the collision.

Hazardous driving situations

Hazardous driving situations can happen at any time. It is important to always be prepared, plan your trip and be aware of your surroundings. Use your rear-view mirror and your side mirrors at frequent intervals, especially before signaling, braking and turning, to check what other road users are doing. If you come across an unexpected situation, remember to reduce your speed and proceed cautiously.

Mechanical problems

It is important to keep your vehicle in proper working condition. If your vehicle breaks down while you are driving, it can be dangerous and inconvenient. Remember to slow down and be cautious if you see flashing amber hazard lights on the side of the road. These lights are used to draw your attention to a hazard. When you pass a car with flashing yellow lights, slow down and pass with care.

If your vehicle is having mechanical problems that require you to stop, remember the following for your safety:

Brake failure

Most vehicles come with a brake system that will protect you against a total failure of your brakes. A warning light on your instrument panel will illuminate if there is a problem. It should light before your brakes stop working. When you see the brake warning light come on and you have checked that the park brake has been released, move to the side of the road as soon as it is safe.

If your vehicle has power brakes, the power system could fail. This may occur if your engine stops while you are still moving. If the vehicle does not slow with normal pressure on the brake, push the brake pedal harder and apply steady pressure.

If your brakes fail, carefully use your park brake to slow your vehicle. You may be able to shift to a lower gear to bring your vehicle to a safe controlled stop. Consult your vehicle owner’s manual for more information. Park your vehicle in a safe location and do not drive until the brakes have been checked and repaired.

Power steering failure

If power steering fails, you can still steer the vehicle. You will have to use extra effort to turn the steering wheel. If this happens, remember not to panic and maneuver your vehicle to the shoulder of the road and brake gradually. Slamming the brakes could cause the vehicle to skid. Without proper steering, you will have no way to straighten it out and could easily lose control.

Once you get the vehicle stopped, turn the engine off and then turn it on again. If the wheel seems like it can turn without any extra effort you can try driving to a mechanic. If you cannot steer call a tow truck and do not drive the vehicle.

Tire failure

If a tire has an air leak, you may feel the vehicle begin to pull and a vibration as you hold the steering wheel. If not corrected the tire will become flat. When a front tire is flat, the vehicle will pull strongly to the side that has a flat tire. A flat rear tire may make your vehicle weave. You may find it difficult to steer.

If a tire goes flat while you are driving:

Note: Under inflation (not enough air) is a common cause of blowouts. Check tire pressure at least once a month.

Acceleration pedal sticks

If your accelerator pedal sticks, shift to neutral in automatic transmission vehicles and de-clutch in standard transmission vehicles. Bring your vehicle to a stop as soon as it is safe and practical to do so. Turn off the ignition and call for assistance.

Hood flies up

If your hood suddenly opens while driving and blocks your vision, you should brake smoothly, signal your turn and pull safely off onto the shoulder of the road. You can judge where you are on the road by looking out the left window or through the gap under the hinge of the hood. Once you have stopped, make sure the hood is secured before proceeding. Vehicle on fire

Vehicle fires are usually due to an electrical short circuit. Disconnect the battery cables immediately to remove the power source. Do not use a metal object or your bare hands to remove wires. Instead, use insulated tools or a jack handle wrapped with a piece of cloth or other material that does not conduct electricity. Smother any flames with dirt, sand or a large article of clothing. It is a good idea to keep a fire extinguisher with an ABC rating in the passenger compartment of your vehicle for easy access. Ensure all passengers get out of and away from the vehicle.

Headlight failure

If both headlights fail, turn on your hazard lights and turn the headlight control off and on. If the headlights are still not working, reduce your speed. Safely move to the emergency stopping lane or edge of the road and park in a safe place. Remember to replace a headlight or headlight bulb as soon as it burns out. Driving with only one headlight greatly reduces visibility and increases risk of a collision.

Broken windshield

Most modern vehicles are fitted with laminated glass so a windshield will only crack under impact. If the glass shatters and you cannot see, slow down and use another way to navigate such as opening the side window. Gently put your foot on the brake to warn following traffic that you are about to stop. Come to a stop slowly and carefully. Pull off the road or as close to the left side of the road as you can.

Gravel and other loose surfaces

Driving on gravel roads or other roads with loose or shifting surfaces requires caution. Braking will be more difficult so slow down to control your vehicle.

Slow moving vehicles

During construction and snow clearing seasons, it is common to see slow moving vehicles. Take extra care on approach. Since you are travelling at much different speeds, you will have less distance to judge if passing is safe. Slow down and give yourself as much time as possible to make the safest choice.

Animals on the road

Animals can be hypnotized by the glare of vehicle headlights. If an animal is on the road in front of you, brake slowly, sound your horn and flash your headlights. Do not swerve. Try to pass smoothly behind the animal. Many animals are especially active at night and at dawn.

Think moose!

Estimates show that Newfoundland and Labrador is home to some 110,000 moose. Moose are attracted to our highways for a number of reasons. They like to eat the road salt that collects on the vegetation or in roadside pools. They are attracted to the first green growth that usually grows at the road edge and the wind-swept roadways provide relief from flies.

As these animals roam freely in our wilderness areas, drivers may encounter them on or near roads and highways. Over 50 per cent of moose collisions occur between dusk and dawn during the summer and fall seasons. Moose crossing warning signs are posted in high-risk areas.

These large animals are unpredictable and pose a risk for drivers. A collision with moose could result in serious damage to your vehicle, personal injury or death.

Next chapter
Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings